Has the VAR changed the game?: a try of an epistemological approach to a current question
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.18764/2675-8369v3n1e26435Mots-clés :
Football refereeing, VAR, Perception, Radical constructivism, Direct realismRésumé
It was the referee’s perception of the situation, plus his knowledge of the laws that were the only base for decisions, but the VAR changed this. The various angles of TV images have more power than the human situational perception. Experience was downgraded, while the value of judgement through TV images increased. The figurative character of football and the sport’s popularity contribute to this pressure. Refereeing is supposed to become more accurate the higher the level of the match. Still, it is the human factor that is essential for the game and all humans can err. Perception and imagination can err as well, Still, a decision must be made by the match officials. Based on the ideas of Radical Constructivism and John Searle’s interpretation of Direct Realism, this article tries to give a view on the essence of football refereeing and how the VAR has changed the game.
Téléchargements
Références
ADORNO, T.W., HORKHEIMER, M. Dialektik der Aufklärung, Philosophische Fragmente, Frankfurt am Main, Fischer Verlag, 2010.
ARISTOTELES Metaphysik, herausgegeben von Horst Seidl, Hamburg, Meiner Verlag, 1989.
BBC Happened on this day – 16 September, BBC, 16.09.2002, London, 2002, URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/funny_old_game/2260280.stm , acc. 04.03.2025.
___________. Blatter rules out video referees, BBC, 17.12.2009, London, 2009, URL: https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sport/2009/12/091217_blatter.shtml acc. 07.02.2025.
COLLINS, H. Bad Call: Technology’s Attack on Referees and Umpires and How to Fix it, Cambridge, MIT Press, 2017.
___________. Applying Philosophy to Refereeing and Umpiring Technology, in: Philosophies 2019, 4 (2), 21, Cardiff, 2019, URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2409-9287/4/2/21, acc. 07.04.2025.
DEVIS-DEVIS, J., SERRANO-DURA, J., MOLINA, P. “The Referee Plays to Be Insulted”: An Exploratory Quantitative Study on the Spanish Football Referees’ Experiences of Aggression, Violence and Coping”, in: Frontiers in Psychology 12:656437, 2021. Doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.656437, URL: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.656437/full , acc. 30.03.2025.
DOBSON, S, DAWSON, P., GODDARD, J., WILSON, J. O. S. Are football referees really biased and inconsistent? Evidence on the incidence of disciplinary sanction in the English Premier League, in: Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A (Statistics in Society), 170 (1):231 – 250, London, 2007, doi: 10.1111/j.1467-985X.2006.00451.x, URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4914090_Are_football_referees_really_biased_and_inconsistent_Evidence_on_the_incidence_of_disciplinary_sanction_in_the_English_Premier_League , acc. 30.03.2025.
ELIAS, N., DUNNING, E. Sport und Spannung im Prozess der Zivilisation, Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp Verlag, 2003.
FARRELL, M. A short history (and defense) of VAR, in: Soccer Politics, 01.04.2019, Duke University, 2019, disponivel em: https://sites.duke.edu/wcwp/2019/04/01/a-brief-history-and-defense-of-var/ , acc. 07.02.2023.
IFAB Laws of the Game, Football Laws, Rules and Regulations, International Football Association Board, Zurich, 2024, URL: https://www.theifab.com/ , acc. 03.02.2025.
KANT, I. Kritik der reinen Vernunft, herausgegeben von Wilhelm Weischedel, Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp Verlag, 1974.
___________. The Critique of Pure Reason, transl. J. M. D. Meikejohn, Project Gutenberg, 2003, URL: https://gutenberg.org/files/4280/4280-h/4280-h.htm#chap03 , acc. 04.03.2025.
KISTNER, T. Mit künstlicher Dummheit belegt, in: Süddeutsche Zeitung, 20.03.2013, Stuttgart, 2013, URL: https://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/nach-kiesslings-phantomtor-mit-kuenstlicher-dummheit-belegt-1.1799157 , acc. 07.02.2025.
LETTVIN, J. Y., MATTURANA, H. R., McCULLOCH, W. S., PITTS, W. H., What the Frog’s Eye Tells the Frog’s Brain. in: Proceedings of the IRE, vol. 47, no. 11, 1959, p. 1940 – 1951, URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4065609 , acc. 07.04.2025.
LOCKE, J. An Essay concerning Human Understanding, London, Penguin Books, 1998.
MORGAN, J. Arsenal great George Graham on the lessons learned by Mikel Arteta under Pep Guardiola, in: The Herald, Scotland edition, 05.12.2020, Glasgow, 2020, URL: https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/18922674.arsenal-great-george-graham-lessons-learned-mikel-arteta-pep-guardiola/ , acc. 03.02.2025.
PIAGET, J. The Construction of Reality in The Child, London, Routledge Publishers, 2013.
ROTH, G. Wahrnehmung und Erkenntnis: Grundzüge einer neurobiologisch fundierten Erkenntnistheorie, in: FELDER, E., GARDT, A., Wirklichkeit oder Konstruktion? Sprachtheoretische und interdisziplinäre Aspekte einer brisanten Alternative, Oldenbourg, De Gruyter Verlag, 2018, p 194 - 222.
SEARLE, J.R. The Philosophy of Perception and the Bad Argument, in: FELDER, E., GARDT, A., Wirklichkeit oder Konstruktion? Sprachtheoretische und interdisziplinäre Aspekte einer brisanten Alternative, Oldenbourg, De Gruyter Verlag, 2018, p. 66 – 77.
SÜDDEUTSCHE Fifa lässt technische Hilfe für Schiedsrichter zu, in: Süddeutsche Zeitung 06.07.2012, Stuttgart, 2012, URL: https://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/entscheid-ueber-elektronischen-tor-beweis-fifa-laesst-hilfe-fuer-schiedsrichter-zu-1.1402863 . acc. 07.02.2025.
VON FOERSTER, H. Wahrnehmung, in: ARS ELECTONICA (ed.), Jean Baudrilard, Hannes Böhringer, Vilem Flusser, Heinz von Foerster, Friedrich Kittler, Peter Weibel – Philosophien der neuen Technologie, Berlin, Merve Verlag, 1989, p. 27 – 40.
___________. Wahrheit ist die Erfindung eines Lügners, Gespräche für Skeptiker, Heidelberg, Carl Auer Verlag, 1998.
___________. Das Konstruieren einer Wirklichkeit, in: WATZLAWICK, P. (ed.), Die erfundene Wirklichkeit, Wie wissen wir, was wir zu wissen glauben?, Munich, Piper Verlag, 2007, p. 39 – 60.
VON GLASERSFELD, E. Wissen, Sprache und Wirklichkeit, Arbeiten zum radikalen Konstruktivismus, Braunschweig, Viehweg & Sohn Verlagsgesellschaft, 1992.
WILLIAMSON, T. Knowing and Asserting, in: The Philosophical Review, Vol. 105, No. 4, Durham, Duke University Press, 1996.
___________. Knowledge as Evidence, in: Mind, Vol. 106, 424, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 717 - 740.
WITTE, J. Anti-Wembley Tor provoziert Streit über Videobeweis, in: Der Spiegel Online, 27.06.2010, Hamburg, 2010, URL: https://www.spiegel.de/sport/fussball/schiedsrichter-fehler-anti-wembley-tor-provoziert-streit-ueber-videobeweis-a-703185.html , acc. 07.02.2025.
Téléchargements
Publié-e
Comment citer
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
(c) Tous droits réservés Wolfgang Theis 2025
Cette œuvre est sous licence Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International.
Autores/as que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
1) Autores/as mantêm os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Licença Creative Commons Attribution que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista;
2) Os/As autores/as não serão remunerados pela publicação de trabalhos na revista;
3) Além disso, os conteúdos publicados são de inteira e exclusiva responsabilidade dos/as autores/as, ainda que reservado aos editores o direito de proceder a ajustes textuais e de adequação às normas da publicação;
4) Autores/as têm permissão e são estimulados a divulgar seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal), já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre).
Direitos autorais 2020 Barricadas: Revista de Filosofia e Interdisciplinaridade.
Este obra está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons 4.0 Internacional.
